Bibliography and Works Cited

Ritter, Abraham. Philadelphia and Her Merchants. Published by the Author, Philadelphia, 1860 (Thank you to Duke University for the loan.)

Duane, Anna Mae. Educated for Freedom: The Incredible Story of Two Fugitive Schoolboys Who Grew Up to Change a Nation. New York University Press, 2020.

Foreman, P. Gabrielle, Ed. The Colored Conventions Movement: Black Organizing in the Nineteenth Century. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2021.

Forten, Charlotte L., and Brenda E. Stevenson, Ed. The Journals of Charlotte Forten Grimké. Oxford University Press, 2011.

Garnet, Henry Highland and David Walker. Walker’s Appeal, With a Brief Sketch of His Life: and Also, Garnet’s Address to the Slaves of the United States of America. Adansonia Publishing, 2018 (First published 1848).

Garnet, Henry Highland. “Let the Monster Perish”: The Historic Address to Congress of Henry Highland Garnet. Westminster John Knox Press, 2020.

Garnet, Henry Highland. Let Slavery Die: The life of Henry Highland Garnet and his 1865 Discourse Before the House of Representatives. Log College Press, 2020.

Garnet, Henry Highland. The Past and the Present Condition, and the Destiny, of the Colored Race: A Discourse Delivered at the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Female Benevolent Society of Troy, N.Y., Feb. 14, 1848. Reprinted by Leopold Classic Library, 2022.

Mease, James. The Picture of Philadelphia. Arno Press, 1970.

Nash, Gary B. Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720-1840. Harvard University Press, 1991.

Truth, Sojourner with introduction and notes by Imani Perry. Narrative of Sojourner Truth. Barnes & Nobles Classics, 2005 (first published as memorial edition in 1878).

Winch, Julie. A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten. Oxford University Press, 2003.

Winch, Julie, Ed. The Elite of Our People: Joseph Willson’s Sketches of Black Upper-Class Life in Antebellum Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania State University, 2000.

https://video.whyy.org/video/black-founders-the-forten-family-of-philadelphia-4k0lqx